| Disorder | Inspection | Palpation | Percussion | Auscultation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bronchial asthma | Hyperinflation; use of accessory muscles | Impaired expansion; decreased fremitus | Hyperresonant; low diaphragm | Prolonged expiration; inspiratory and expiratory wheezes |
| Pneumothorax (complete) |
Lag on affected side | Absent fremitus | Hyperresonant or tympanitic | Absent breath sounds |
| Pleural effusion (large) |
Lag on affected side | Decreased fremitus; trachea and heart shifted away from affected side | Dullness or flatness |
Absent breath sounds |
| Atelectasis (lobar obstruction) |
Lag on affected side | Decreased fremitus; trachea and heart shifted toward affected side | Dullness or flatness | Absent breath sounds |
| Consolidation (pneumonia) | Possible lag or splinting on affected side | Increased fremitus | Dullness | Bronchial breath sounds; bronchophony; pectoriloquy; crackles |