Table 2 Main Physiologic Components of Dyspnea
Mechanoreceptors (respiratory muscles)
Hypoxia (carotid and aortic bodies)
Airflow (airway and parenchymal receptors)
Changes in PCO2/pH (medullary center)
Irritants (airway and parenchymal receptors)
Medullary center (afferent input and efferent output)
Cortical function (sense of effort)